Smart containers

ABSTRACT

Smart containers are disclosed. A definition is received of a logical structure configured to manage associated content. A policy or operation specified by the definition is applied to an item of content associated with an instance of the logical structure.

CROSS REFERENCE TO OTHER APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No.11/393,216 entitled SMART CONTAINERS filed, Mar. 30, 2006, now U.S. Pat.No. 7,512,578 which is incorporated herein by reference for allpurposes.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Content is often thought about as being composed of multiple componentsthat are related in some way—for example, a project can include businessplanning documents, marketing and product requirement documents,specifications, engineering schedules, cost estimates, etc.; a loan filetypically includes an application, supporting documentation such ascredit reports and financial statements provided by the applicant,appraisal documents, etc.; and an email may include one or moreattachments. It is often desired to interact with or process thesemultiple components in a defined way, in a defined order, and by definedpeople. These interactions or processes are typically defined insoftware application code. This makes it difficult for individualbusinesses or people who are not programmers to create or modify theirinteractions or processes with the content components. It would bebeneficial to provide a way to define interactions or processes that acton content and its multiple components that does not require creation ormodification of application code.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Various embodiments of the invention are disclosed in the followingdetailed description and the accompanying drawings.

FIG. 1 is a block diagram illustrating an embodiment of a contentmanagement system.

FIG. 2 is a block diagram illustrating an embodiment of a smartcontainer.

FIG. 3 is a flow diagram illustrating an embodiment of a process forenabling a smart container.

FIG. 4 is a flow diagram illustrating an embodiment of a process fordesigning a smart container template.

FIG. 5 is a flow diagram illustrating an embodiment of a process fordefining membership.

FIG. 6 is a flow diagram illustrating an embodiment of a process fordefining structure.

FIG. 7 is a flow diagram illustrating an embodiment of a process fordefining policies.

FIG. 8 is a flow diagram illustrating an embodiment of a process fordefining roles.

FIG. 9 is a flow diagram illustrating an embodiment of a process forinstantiating a smart container using a smart container template orother instance as a source.

FIG. 10 is a flow diagram illustrating an embodiment of a process forapplying a smart container policy during runtime.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The invention can be implemented in numerous ways, including as aprocess; an apparatus; a system; a composition of matter; a computerprogram product embodied on a computer readable storage medium; and/or aprocessor, such as a processor configured to execute instructions storedon and/or provided by a memory coupled to the processor. In thisspecification, these implementations, or any other form that theinvention may take, may be referred to as techniques. In general, theorder of the steps of disclosed processes may be altered within thescope of the invention. Unless stated otherwise, a component such as aprocessor or a memory described as being configured to perform a taskmay be implemented as a general component that is temporarily configuredto perform the task at a given time or a specific component that ismanufactured to perform the task. As used herein, the term ‘processor’refers to one or more devices, circuits, and/or processing coresconfigured to process data, such as computer program instructions.

A detailed description of one or more embodiments of the invention isprovided below along with accompanying figures that illustrate theprinciples of the invention. The invention is described in connectionwith such embodiments, but the invention is not limited to anyembodiment. The scope of the invention is limited only by the claims andthe invention encompasses numerous alternatives, modifications andequivalents. Numerous specific details are set forth in the followingdescription in order to provide a thorough understanding of theinvention. These details are provided for the purpose of example and theinvention may be practiced according to the claims without some or allof these specific details. For the purpose of clarity, technicalmaterial that is known in the technical fields related to the inventionhas not been described in detail so that the invention is notunnecessarily obscured.

Enabling related content to be created, managed, processed, and used ina desired way, without writing or modifying application code, isdisclosed. In one embodiment, a “smart container” template represents amodel that defines one or more of the following: how items, such asitems of managed content, become “members” of a composite object of atype with which the template is associated; how items comprising thecomposite object are related to one another; zero or more policiesapplicable to all or a defined subset of the items comprising thecomposite object; data indicating how data comprising the compositeobject is to be viewed or displayed, e.g., depending on context datasuch as the identity, role, etc. of a user to whom the content is beingdisplayed; and zero or more operations to be performed with respect tocontent comprising the composite object. A smart container isinstantiated using the smart container template. In some embodiments,the smart container is instantiated as a runtime object that implementsthe membership rules, structural relationships, policies, presentationrules, and operations, as and when applicable, defined by the template.For example, in some embodiments a defined policy is applied. In variousembodiments, the policy is applied to managed content associated withthe smart container or requested to be associated with the smartcontainer. In some embodiments, smart containers define in a flexiblemanner objects, a structure for the objects, and policies associatedwith the objects and the relationships between the objects. In someembodiments, a smart container has a composite object such as a manualfor an airplane that includes a corresponding specification for each ofthe following: the engines, the navigation system, the control systems,the fuel system, etc. In some embodiments, smart containers provide theability to configure a composite object as a folder hierarchy. Forexample, a smart container can be used to implement a records managementfile plan in which a cabinet/folder/object hierarchy where the top-levelis a cabinet containing a number of folders, the folders contain files,and the files contain records. In some embodiments, smart containersprovide the ability to configure a composite object as a virtualdocument structure including the following features: 1) ordered members,2) hierarchical structure independent of folder location, 3) versionbinding rules, 4) and the ability to save snapshots of the compositeobject. For example, a smart container can be used to implement a loanfile including in the composite object: loan application, customerinformation (e.g., credit history, status of customer's services), andthe circumstances behind the request (e.g., property loss, homepurchase). The smart container also enables rules or policies to helpduring the processing of the loan—for example, a home loan applicationcannot be considered for approval unless customer income information andhome appraisal information are present in the smart container. In someembodiments, smart containers provide the ability to configure acomposite object that is completely or partly defined through customrelationships: A composite object can include not only hierarchicalstructures but also structures represented by associated objects—forexample, if document “X” exists, documents “Y”, and “Z” must also beincluded in the composite object. In the case of a finished goodsspecification smart container, the smart container includes a bill ofmaterials with multiple objects where each of the multiple objects isrequired to have a corresponding itemized components/raw materialsobject that indicates the makeup of each of the objects in the bill ofmaterials. In some embodiments, a smart container provides the abilityto specify typing for objects and associations within the structure—forexample, a smart container provides the ability to prevent the wrongtype of document from being placed in a particular location within thestructure. Specifically, in an insurance claim file “bodily injury”documents are not allowed to be filed in the “property damage”sub-folder. In some embodiments, the smart container is configured toautomatically place an object in an appropriate place in the smartcontainer structure, e.g., based on data comprising and/or metadataassociated with the object. In some embodiments, the smart containerincludes placeholder objects and/or data intended to be replaced atruntime, e.g., in an appropriate point of the lifecycle of the smartcontainer and/or one or more objects associated with it, with anotherobject.

FIG. 1 is a block diagram illustrating an embodiment of a contentmanagement system. In the example shown, a computer or terminal, such asone of those represented in FIG. 1 by the computers 100 and 102, is usedto interact with a content management system. In some embodiments, thecontent management system is configured to enable related content to bemanaged by defining a smart container and associating the relatedcontent with the smart container. Computers 100 and 102 are coupled tonetwork 104 and interact via network 104 with content management server106 and content repository 108 comprising the content management system.In various embodiments, network 104 includes one or more of theInternet, a local area network, a wide area network, a wired network, awireless network, and any other network that can enable a user to accessstored system content. Content management server 106 includesapplications that are used when accessing content stored in repository108 or includes mechanisms to interact with or process contentassociated with smart containers. Content management server 106 alsoincludes applications used for creating, maintaining, and operating asmart container. A smart container allows for structuring or definingthe relationships between content objects in a defined manner as well asassociating user roles when interacting with the content and policies tothe content objects including policies related to viewing, retaining,operating on, storing, security, versioning, and/or behavior. In someembodiments, content management server 106 and content repository 108comprise a content management system. In various embodiments, contentmanagement server 106 comprises one or more processors, one or morememories, and one or more storage devices and can be implemented usingone or more physical box units. In various embodiments, contentrepository 108 comprises one or more storage devices and/or one or moreprocessors or one or more memories and can be implemented using one ormore physical box units. In some embodiments, content management server106 and content repository 108 are combined in one physical unit orsystem.

FIG. 2 is a block diagram illustrating an embodiment of a smartcontainer. In the example shown, smart container 200 includes compositeobject 202 and metadata 212. Composite object 202 includes a pluralityof objects represented in FIG. 2 as object 204, 206, 208, and 210; theobjects are related in a defined manner as represented in FIG. 2 bylinks 211. In some embodiments, objects are directories, files, or othercontent, that have links or relationships such as files within folders,shortcuts to files, files pointed to by other files (for example, anemail with an associated attachment), or any other appropriate relationbetween content objects. Metadata 212 includes information such aspolicies 214 and roles 216 that are associated with the objects and/orthe composite object. Policies 214 include information related toviewing, retaining, operating on, storing, security, versioning, and/orother appropriate behavior. In some embodiments, business logic, workflows, and other processing are implemented by one or more policiesand/or are stored separately as methods associated with or called orotherwise invoked or initiated by the smart container based on datacomprising or associated with the smart container. Roles 216 includesinformation related to interactions and/or services that are allowed andnot allowed for user when associated with a given role. In someembodiments, the smart container comprises an instance of a logicalstructure the attributes and methods of which are defined at least inpart by a template or other definition, such as a model, configurationfile, or Java or other software object class. In some embodiment, theobjects comprising composite object 202, their relationship to eachother, and the policies and other rules and operations to be applied tothem are determined and/or implemented at least in part by attributesand/or methods of the instance of the logical structure.

FIG. 3 is a flow diagram illustrating an embodiment of a process forenabling a smart container. In some embodiments, the process of FIG. 3is executed on a content management server such as content managementserver 106 of FIG. 1. In the example shown, in 300 a smart containertemplate is designed including defining one or more policies. A smartcontainer template allows for the design of smart containers byproviding a model of a smart container that is perhaps close to the userdesired smart container. In some embodiments, a user interface, such asan API, GUI, configuration file, or other interface, is provided toenable a non-programmer to define for a type of smart container rulesfor membership; the structure of the container, including therelationship between members; whether and if so what placeholder objectswill initially be included in nodes within the smart container structureat instantiation; default/initial values for smart container attributes,as applicable; roles and associated privileges; policies to be enforced;and business or other processes, work flows, or other operations to beperformed or initiated by instances of the smart container. In 302, asmart container is instantiated using a smart container template. Insome embodiments, a service running on content management server 106 ofFIG. 1 responds to a user or other (e.g., implicit) indication that asmart container instance is required or desired by using template datato create and populate with initial attribute values and/or placeholderdata or objects an instance of the smart container. In 304, one or morepolicies are applied during runtime to managed content associated withor requested to be associated with a smart container.

FIG. 4 is a flow diagram illustrating an embodiment of a process fordesigning a smart container template. In some embodiments, 300 of FIG. 3is implemented by FIG. 4. In some embodiments, smart container modelsare saved as templates from which smart containers can be instantiatedfor run time. A smart container template may be created from scratch, anexisting template or existing smart container instance. Upon saving atemplate configuration, a user interface provides a user options fororganization of the template, overwriting existing templates, or savingas new. At the time of template creation, the user has the ability tospecify if and how template changes will impact existing smart containerinstances based on the template as well as any child templates that werealso based on the template. For example, the system can be configured,on a template by template basis, to propagate template changes toexisting instances and/or child templates, propagate changes only ifruntime instance policies match those of the source template (e.g.,policies were not changed at instantiation or runtime), propagatechanges regardless, or to not propagate changes. In some embodiments, asmart container template extends a given template, a parent template, inorder to reuse common configurations. For example, a lending institutionmay create a Mortgage Loan File Smart Container Template, which containsthe basic structure and policies required to gather and processdocuments for loan processing. However, different states may imposeslightly different regulations. So a business analyst would like tocreate a California specific Mortgage Loan File template which extendsthe general template. In the example shown in FIG. 4, in 400 membershipis defined for a smart container template. In 402, structure is definedfor a smart container template. In 404, policies are defined for a smartcontainer template. In 406, roles are defined for a smart containertemplate. In some embodiments, one or more privileges are defined foreach role.

FIG. 5 is a flow diagram illustrating an embodiment of a process fordefining membership. In some embodiments, 400 of FIG. 4 is implementedby FIG. 5. In the example shown, in 500 open or closed membership isspecified. Open membership allows modification during runtime—forexample, objects can be added during runtime. Closed membership does notallow modification during runtime—for example, a folder cannot be addedto the smart container, or a document object not included originally inthe composite object in the smart container cannot be added. An objectcan be a smart container (e.g., smart containers can be nested withineach other), a folder, a category, a document, a query, a relationships,a placeholder object intended to be replaced by a correspondinginstance-specific object at runtime, etc. In 502, implicit or explicitmembership is specified. Examples of explicit membership include foldercontainment, relationship (e.g., a finished goods specification for aproduct may reference individual components of material that arerequired to produce the specified product. For example, the individualcomponents of material to package perfume may be bottle, cap, box, andlabel. These components of material may be represented as individualobjects that are associated through a ‘relationship’ to one or moresmart containers. It is by ‘relationship’ that the component is a memberof a smart container), taxonomy (e.g., a taxonomy describes ahierarchical organization of a domain of knowledge—for example, apharmaceutical taxonomy may organize information about different typesof diseases and the drugs used to treat them as follows: a ‘Pharma’smart container is organized in a structure represented as a folderstructure with ‘Pharma’ containing a subfolder ‘Diseases and Disorders,’which in turn contains a subfolder ‘Blood Disorders,’ which in turncontains a subfolder ‘Anemia,’ which in turn contains subfolders:‘Aplastic Anemia,’ ‘Dyserythropoietic Anemia,’ ‘Hemolytic Anemia,’Megloblastic Anemia,’ etc; the taxonomy structure gives foldersmembership in a taxonomy-based smart container), or category association(e.g., category association is related to taxonomies; and objectscontaining content and meta-data that match the concepts represented byfolders in a taxonomy will be granted membership to those folders; inthe taxonomy example above, if a document contains evidence that it ispertinent to aplastic anemia, then the document will become a member ofthe ‘Pharma’ smart container and linked to the ‘Aplastic Anemia’sub-folder through category association.). An example of implicitmembership is becoming a member by virtue of being returned in a queryassociated with or comprising the smart container. In some embodiments,each of the remaining steps may be applied/defined differently for thevarious nodes or objects of the smart container. In 504, managed orunmanaged membership is specified. Managed members are governed by thepolicies associated with the smart container. Unmanaged members areincluded within the structure of the smart container but are notgoverned by the smart container's associated policies. In someembodiments, an implicit member (i.e. that of a query results), cannotbe managed. In 506, include in membership or exclude from membershiprules are defined. A specific object can be defined such that it must bea member of the smart container (e.g., a loan application smartcontainer must include a completed application form) or such that itcannot be a member (in which case an attempt to make an excluded objector an object of an excluded type a member will be rejected.

FIG. 6 is a flow diagram illustrating an embodiment of a process fordefining structure. In some embodiments, process 402 of FIG. 4 isimplemented by FIG. 6. In the example shown, in 600 open or closedstructure is specified. An open structure allows modification duringruntime—for example, objects can be added during runtime. A closedstructure does not allow modification during runtime—for example, afolder cannot be added to the smart container, or a document object notincluded originally in the composite object in the smart containercannot be added. In various embodiments, structure include one or moreof the following as means to relate the individual objects that make upa compound object: 1) folder containment, 2) virtual documents, 3)relationships, 4) taxonomies, 5) categories (e.g. auto-categorizationpopulates a specified attribute that indicates an objects category), and6) query results. Smart containers may leverage any of these in order tobest represent the logical business object. Structure in compoundobjects should describe important attributes, hierarchy, relationship,and version binding. In some embodiments, version binding describeswhich version of a document should be referenced. The binding optionscan be specified with the following options: 1) symbolic version label,such as “Approved”, or “Current”, etc. 2) explicit version label such as“1.0” or “1.1”, etc. 3) early binding meaning associate the document ofthe specified version at design time, and/or 4) late binding meaningassociate the document of the specified version at runtime. In 602,structure links between an object and other objects are specified. Forexample, one object is a root folder and other objects are folders ordocuments within the root folder or other folders. In some embodiments,602 may be applied/defined differently for the various nodes or objectsof the smart container.

FIG. 7 is a flow diagram illustrating an embodiment of a process fordefining policies. In some embodiments, process 404 of FIG. 4 isimplemented by FIG. 7. In various embodiments, a policy comprises aretention policy that is associated with a root folder or other folder,check-in rules for member documents (for example, do not allow sameversion on check-in), auto-naming rules for smart container and memberobjects (for example, object names are assigned when created, when thereis a lifecycle state change, etc.), role based privilege policy, rulefor when placeholder should be replaced, policy for placement of anincoming member object within a runtime structure, workflows (e.g., aworkflow defines the activities and flow of a business process, forexample a loan application workflow would automate the flow of a loanfile through the loan approval process.), specific to smart container ormember objects, lifecycles for smart container or member objects (e.g.,a document typically moves through different stages in which it may havedifferent meta-data values, security, folder location, etc., and thesestages can be modeled and automated with a lifecycle—one example of alifecycle is the typical draft, review, approve stages of a document),content storage policy, distributed content configuration policy,content caching policy, full text indexing policy, etc. In 700, a policyis specified. In 702, the scope and inheritance of the policy isspecified. The scope of a policy determines to which objects of a smartcontainer a policy will be applied when it is evoked at instantiation orruntime. When a policy is associated to an object which may containchildren (e.g. a folder or object with relationships to ‘child’objects), the user can specify if the given policy is to be inherited,how deep the inheritance applies, and whether or not the policy can beoverridden or narrowed (further constrained) by policies associated tochildren objects. In 704, the policy conflict resolution is specified.It is possible, if not likely, that a smart container or its contentshas associated policies that conflict. For this reason a mechanism forconflict resolution is specified. A “static resolution’ mechanism may beinvoked to resolve the conflict at time of association. A ‘dynamicresolution’ mechanism may be invoked to resolve the conflict at time ofinstantiation and runtime (i.e., when a given policy is applied orevoked). The appropriate mechanism depends on the given policy andassociation. In 706, object(s) or structure links associated with policyare defined. In some embodiments, 706 is the first step in the flow—forexample, an object class is defined; policies are associated with theobject class; and policy inheritance and conflict resolution aredefined. In 708, it is determined if the process is done. If not, thencontrol passes to 700, otherwise the process ends.

FIG. 8 is a flow diagram illustrating an embodiment of a process fordefining roles. A role can be assigned a set of users and a set ofentities and services that users in that role can access. In someembodiments, process 406 of FIG. 4 is implemented by FIG. 8. In 800, arole is specified. For example, in the case of a loan processing two ofthe roles included are an account executive and a loan closingspecialist. The account executive is responsible for processing aspecific aspect of a loan application such as reviewing and validatingincoming documents and recommending whether to deny the loan or send iton for further consideration. The loan closing specialist is responsiblefor the final review of all documents, insuring compliance with legaland regulatory requirements, funding the loan, and promoting the loanfile to the “closed” state. There is a ‘Fund Loan’ workflow defined thatautomates the process of funding a loan. The ability to start thisworkflow should be available to the loan closing specialist but not tothe account executive. In addition, the Fund Loan workflow should onlybe available when a loan file is selected and not when some other objectof the smart container is selected. In 802, object(s) or structure linksassociated with role are specified. Zero or more roles can be applied toan Object in a smart container in order to constrain the domain of usersthat can operate on instances of that Object and to define the servicesand entities that are accessible to each user within the context of thatobject. In 804, it is determined if the process is done. If not, thencontrol is passed to 800, otherwise the process ends. In someembodiments, an object class is defined and then roles are associatedwith the object class. In some embodiments, the process flow is 1)define a role including its members and services and entities availableto users of that role, and 2) associate role to object class.

FIG. 9 is a flow diagram illustrating an embodiment of a process forinstantiating a smart container using a smart container template orother instance as a source. In some embodiments, process 302 of FIG. 3is implemented using the process of FIG. 9. In the example shown, in 900the source for creating an instance is specified. In variousembodiments, a new smart container can be created from a saved smartcontainer template, or from another runtime instance. In 902, templateparameter values and other instantiation-time modifications for theinstance are specified. Template parameters are initial values (e.g.,content, metadata, or policies) that change from instance to instanceand are required in order to create a new instance. For example, whencreating a room smart container from a template, the user may need toselect the initial members; when creating a loan file smart containerfrom a template, the loan processor may need to specify an originatingdocument, i.e. loan application; or when creating a finished goodsspecification smart container, the user may need to enter the name anddescription of the end product. A Smart Container cannot be successfullycreated until values have been supplied for all required parameters. Insome embodiments, auto-generated forms will be used to prompt users forparameter values. In 904, instantiation actions are executed.Instantiation may result in one or more of the following actions: objectcreation, replacing placeholders with actual objects, policy evaluationand execution including actions such as the following: attachment oflifecycles, starting workflows, sending notifications, auto-attribution,access control list assignment, custom security assignment, retentionpolicy assignment, other custom-defined actions. In some embodiments, atinstantiation, the smart container template provides a defaultconfiguration. If permissions and policies allow, these defaults can beoverridden for the new instance. In some embodiments, the instance issaved as a new template. In some embodiments, if defaults have beenoverridden during instantiation or if changes have been made for theinstance that was started using a template, users will have the optionto save these changes to the source template or to save them to a newtemplate. In 906, instantiation is completed. Instantiation is completeafter all instantiation actions and policies have successfully run, andthe instance model has been flagged as a “runtime” model. In someembodiments, all instantiation related actions are logged.

FIG. 10 is a flow diagram illustrating an embodiment of a process forapplying a smart container policy during runtime. In 1000, an object iscontributed to a smart container. Contribution to a Smart Container mayhappen through user interactions or through automated processes. Objectsmay be contributed one by one or through high ingestion operations. Invarious embodiments, users may explicitly link objects into a folderthat is part of the smart container instance; an object may beauto-categorized, based on its content and/or attribute values to afolder that is part of the smart container instance; an object may beassociated with a root-level smart container object that has a policywhich further-categorizes the object and places the document in theappropriate spot within the smart container structure; or an object maybe created as a member of a smart container during instantiation—thenodes of the model become members of the smart container at runtime.

In 1002, a policy is executed. A policy is a discrete bit of businesslogic that is defined to execute based on some event or objectoperation. It may be implemented as an aspect attached to an object,such as by modifying an instance of an implementation object to add tothat instance one or more methods or attributes not included in everyobject of that type; as a type-based behavior implemented by modifyingor extending a base implementation object to include additionaltype-based behaviors; or script. In some embodiments, out-of-the-boxsmart containers will include several common policies and will provide aframework for creating other policies. All users and programmaticmanipulation of an object in the managed content system will honor thepolicies that have been applied to that object. Smart containerconfiguration associates policies explicitly—for example, a policy isassociated directly with the object configuration or object class; apolicy is associated with a relation type and the object is referencedby a relationship of that type; or a policy is inherited by the objectfrom a parent object. A policy could have been associated with an objectin a number of ways in addition to those associated explicitly throughsmart container configuration—for example, a policy is associated withthe user object, role, or group; a policy associated with an objecttype; a policy is associated with the document template that a documentwas created from; a policy related to format; or a policy that isprogrammatically applied to an object or is user selected. A policy hasa number of elements including a trigger which defines when a policyexecutes, a declarative or code-based set of conditions that will beevaluated at execution time to true or false, and an outcome (e.g.,positive, negative, and error). A policy can manage conflicts. In thecase where multiple policies may be associated with an object eitherdirectly or through inheritance, the system detects that there is apolicy conflict (e.g., an object has multiple policies of the sametype—for example two security or two versioning policies). Theappropriate conflict resolution technique is applied includinginclude 1) one policy takes precedence and only that policy is applied,2) policies are applied sequentially, or 3) an error is indicatedbecause the conflict cannot be resolved.

In 1004, interactions are executed. At runtime, users and programsinteract with a smart container and its contents. Interactions includeviewing and operating on objects controlled by the smart containerconfiguration. Viewing will display information regarding a smartcontainer object in a manner as indicated by the viewing policy. Forexample, email is viewed in a split window display with one windowcontaining in box, out box, and junk box folders, another window listingthe recent inbox emails, and another window showing the contents of aparticular email. Views can be different dependent on the object, theuser, the role of the user, the security policy, or any otherappropriate criteria. In various embodiments, operations for smartcontainers include one or more of the following: fill a placeholder withan actual document object; attach a policy to an object; remove a policyfrom an object; add a document to an smart container; remove a documentfrom an smart container; freeze smart container; version smartcontainer; lock/unlock smart container; export smart container; copysmart container; check-out/check-in smart container; cancel smartcontainer checkout; replicate smart container; and/or make smartcontainer reference. Also, objects governed by a smart container may beoperated on in any of the usual ways, i.e. copying, moving, versioning,saving, get file, set file, set attribute, get attribute, lifecycleoperations, attach to workflow, creation, deletion, etc. However,because the object is governed by a smart container configuration, theseoperations may be restricted, modified, overridden, or extended in someway by the policies on the object.

Although the foregoing embodiments have been described in some detailfor purposes of clarity of understanding, the invention is not limitedto the details provided. There are many alternative ways of implementingthe invention. The disclosed embodiments are illustrative and notrestrictive.

1. A system for managing content comprising: an interface; a processor;and a memory coupled with the processor, wherein the memory isconfigured to provide the processor with instructions, which whenexecuted cause the processor to: receive a definition of a logicalstructure configured to manage associated content for a contentmanagement system; provide an indication that the policy or operationspecified by the definition has been applied to the item of contentassociated with the instance of the logical structure.
 2. A system as inclaim 1, wherein the processor is further caused to create the instanceof the logical structure.
 3. A system as in claim 1, wherein theprocessor is further caused to create the instance of the logicalstructure using a template.
 4. A system as in claim 1, wherein theprocessor is further caused to create the instance of the logicalstructure using a template wherein the template is configure topropagate changes to the template by one of the following: to propagatetemplate changes to the instance, to propagate template changes in theevent that instance policies match original template policies, topropagate change in the event that instance policies do not matchoriginal template policies, and to not propagate changes.
 5. A system asrecited in claim 1, wherein the policy or operation specified by thedefinition is applied to the item of content at least in part by amethod of the instance.
 6. A system as in claim 1, wherein the instanceis configured based at least in part on the definition to apply thepolicy or operation.
 7. A system as in claim 1, wherein the processor isfurther caused to receive an indication that the item of content hasbecome or is desired to be associated with a logical structure.
 8. Asystem as in claim 5, wherein said policy or operation is applied to theitem of content at least in part in response to said indication.
 9. Asystem as in claim 1, wherein the instance of the logical structure andthe item of content comprise a composite object.
 10. A system as inclaim 7, wherein the item of content comprises one of a plurality ofitems of content comprising the composite object.
 11. A system as inclaim 1, wherein the item of content comprises a first item of content,the first item of content and a second item of content are associatedwith the instance of the logical structure, and the logical structurespecifies a relationship between the first and second items of content.12. A system as in claim 1, wherein the policy comprises one or more ofthe following: a retention policy, a security policy, a viewing policy,a versioning policy, a full text indexing policy, and a role-basedpolicy.
 13. A system as in claim 1, wherein the definition defines oneor more of the following: a membership rule; a structure of the logicalstructure; a role associated with the logical structure; and arole-based or other privilege with respect to the logical structure orone or more associated objects.
 14. A system as in claim 1, wherein theprocessor is further caused to define a parameter value for the instanceof the logical structure.
 15. A system as in claim 1, wherein theprocessor is further caused to modify a default parameter value in theinstance of the logical structure.
 16. A system as in claim 1, whereinthe processor if further caused to save the instance as a newdefinition.
 17. A system as in claim 1, wherein the definition comprisesone or more of the following: a template, a model, and a class.
 18. Amethod for managing content comprising: receiving a definition of alogical structure configured to manage associated content for a contentmanagement system; providing an indication that the policy or operationspecified by the definition has been applied to the item of contentassociated with the instance of the logical structure.
 19. A computerprogram product for managing content, the computer program product beingembodied in a computer readable medium and comprising computerinstructions for: receiving a definition of a logical structureconfigured to manage associated content for a content management system;providing an indication that the policy or operation specified by thedefinition has been applied to the item of content associated with theinstance of the logical structure.